icon

n.畫像,塑像  [ a picture, image, or other representation.]

n.聖像 [ Eastern Church . a representation of some sacred personage, as Christ or a saint or angel, painted usually on a wood surface and venerated itself as sacred.]

ps.icon這東西，在中世紀可是個宗教上的重要問題呢~

基督教的一次大分裂是在11世紀。西邊的羅馬天主教會和位於東邊的教會完全分離。被認為最直接的原因是第四次十字軍東征攻下了君士坦丁堡的結果。但是文化差異其實是加速分裂的主因，東邊是希臘文化和希臘語，西邊是拉丁文化和拉丁語。其中分裂的原因也包括對基督教教義的看法不同，當然也政治上、權力上的鬥爭也有關係。

在拉丁文化中(應該說是源自於印歐民族)它們的觀念裡，是可以製作關於神的繪畫、雕像的，所以在西邊的羅馬天主教，是不禁止對聖像崇拜的。相對的在東邊的拜占庭，因為受到新興的伊斯蘭教的影響(閃族文化)，它們是禁止製作、與崇拜的唷，也認為藝術是上帝的東西，不是人可以創作的。現在你還可以在俄羅斯等地的東正教裡，看到此一現象，裡頭可沒有什麼宗教的彩繪玻璃之類的。

當時，還為了該不該禁止聖像崇拜發了"國際衝突"唷。

iconoclast /aɪˋkɑnəˏklæst/

icon( image )-o-clast( Gk. breaker )

n.反對崇拜聖像者 [a breaker or destroyer of images, esp. those set up for religious veneration.]

ps.在古代iconoclast通常指的是在8~9世紀，在拜占庭帝國中，破壞藝術品、神像的人，因為他們認為神不是可以由人來創造的。

iconoclast:attack
攻擊傳統觀念的人攻擊

iconoclastic /aɪˋkɑnəˏklæst ɪ k/

icon-o-clast-ic

adj.反對崇拜聖像的

ideology /ˏaɪdɪˋɑlədʒɪ/

ide(=idea)-ology

n.意識形態 [the body of doctrine, myth, belief, etc., that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group.]

ex. It's that the average Taiwanese CEO is a prisoner of ideology.

ex. it is guided by the dominant societal ideology
它受到主流社會觀念形態的支配。
(ideology這個字在newspaper中很常出現唷)

idiom /ˋɪdɪəm/

n.成語;習慣語 [an expression whose meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its constituent elements, as kick the bucket (死去) , or from the general grammatical rules of a language, and that is not a constituent of a larger expression of like characteristics.]

ex. 就如同中文講的「 蘇州賣鴨蛋 」=死了，其字義由原本組成的element是預測不出來的。

idle /ˋaɪdl/

adj.不工作的;閒置的 [not working or active; doing nothing]

ex. Summer and hot weather make everyone feel idle.

ex. It would be idle to argue further.
再辯論下去也不會有什麼效果。

v.無所事事;閒混 [To pass time without working or while avoiding work.]

ps. 在windows的作業系統中，按下ctrl+alt+del會出現工作管理員，如果你仔細看會看到"system idle process"這一項唷(實驗一下吧)。它這一相的意思就是指你的CPU目前還有多少"閒置的資源"可以使用。

idolater /aɪˋdɑlətɚ/

idol(n.偶像)-ater

n.偶像崇拜者  [ One who worships idols.]

ps.1 idolatry n.偶像崇拜

ps.2 台視的節目「超級偶像」=Super Idol

idyll / ˋaɪdl /

n.田園詩 [A short poem or prose piece depicting a rural or pastoral scene, usually in idealized terms.]

ex. 《 Idylls of the king 》是Alfred, Lord Tennyson(英國人)的作品，故事是寫有關於亞瑟王--就是圓桌武士的故事。

n.田園畫 (with the three components - man, animal and the environment - in a harmonious unity, preventing the picture from being either a landscape, or a genre, or just an image of an animal.)

ps. idyll的風格，通常 emotional, sometimes sentimental.

也可以指在音樂上的風格--一般叫做"田園樂曲;牧歌"

idyll:carefree

igneous /ˋɪɡnɪəs/

igne( Gk. fire) -ous

adj.火成的(地質學的用詞)  [produced under conditions involving intense heat, as rocks of volcanic origin or rocks crystallized from molten magma.]

ex. Granite is igneous rocks .

ignite /ɪɡˋnaɪt/

ign e ( fire )-ite

v.點燃 [to set on fire]

ps. 1

一般想到點燃，應該為想到ignite與kindle這兩個字，其中的差別是：

kindle比較多用於無形的，比方說點燃我的勇氣，to kindle my courage.

ignite偏於實體上的點燃， to ignite my cigarette.

ps.2

打火機的英文叫 lighter唷，

而igniter比較像是用於機械的"點火裝置"

字首 in-

1.在..之內= in

indoor    adj.室內的

inland    adj.內陸的

2.進來、使呈...狀態= into (較強調動作)      // en- 是變化型

income       n.所得   [sth. come into ]

inflate        v.充氣   [blow air into sth.]

inhale         v.吸氣   [breathe into]

incentive   adj.刺激的   [into - cant(sing) - ive -->令進入唱歌的狀態-->刺激]

infuriate       v.激怒     [make sb. into fury]

incarnate      v.賦予形體 [ into + carn (肉) + ate -->進入肉身]

3.在...狀態 = on the state of(較強調狀態)

inceptive    adj.開始的   [on the state of cept(take) -->開始]

individual    adj.個人的   [on the state of being divided]

4.否定not

inadequate    adj.不充分的 [not adequate]          adequate -->inadequate

incapable      adj.不能的 [not capable]               capable-->incapable

indolent        adj.懶惰的 [not dolent(feel pain)]    dolent -->indolent

ps.1

in(not解時)跟un的區別

un比較常用於字首字尾拆掉後還是一個完整的詞  ex：

unwonted    un-wont(習慣)-ed

unabridge    un-abridge

in比較多用於接字根 ex：

incapable         in-cap-able

immaculate      in-macul-ate

from 字典上的解釋

The negative prefix un- attaches chiefly to adjectives ,(unable, unclean, unequal, unripe, unsafe) and, participles(分詞) used as adjectives (unfeeling, unflinching, unfinished, unsaid), and less frequently to nouns (unbelief, unconcern, unrest).

un-主要接形容詞來使成否定型，un-Adj，或者接分詞un-Ving, un-P.P 來當作形容詞。un- 比較少接名詞。

Sometimes the noun form of an adjective with the un- prefix has the prefix in-, as in inability, inequality, injustice, and instability.

如果是un-Adj，有時候會有相對應的in-N ，例如 unequal --> inequality.

A few stems appear with both prefixes with distinctions of meaning. Inhuman means "brutal, monstrous," while unhuman means "not of human form, superhuman." ‧

有些字根接un-與in-意思不同，比方說inhuman 與 unhuman.

When used with adjectives, un- often has a sense distinct from that of non-.

un-Adj 與non-Adj 的意思有很明顯的不一樣

Non- picks out the set of things that are not in the category denoted by the stem to which it is attached.

non- 是表示"不在"範圍裡面；就像圈外人的概念。

un- picks out properties unlike those of the typical examples of the category.

un- 則表示"不像"這範圍裡的典型；在圈內，但跟大家所想的標準、理想不一樣。

Thus nonmilitary personnel are those who are not members of the military, whereas someone who is unmilitary is unlike a typical soldier in dress, habits, or attitudes.

non-military是指不在軍中的人

un-military指不像一般的軍人(在穿著上、習慣、態度)

ignorant /ˋɪɡnərənt/

i n -gnor(know)-ant    [ng不好發音，因此n被省略了]

adj.無知的 [knowing little or nothing]

ex. The fact that you are so ignorant makes me feel pathetic.
你是如此的無知而讓我感到悲憐。(罵小白時可以用~)

ignorant <> erudite  adj.博學的

review

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字根

**cogn     == know

cogn-ition    n.認識   ex. 認知心理學 = cognitive psychology

cogn-itive    a.認識的 ex. our cognitive world 我們所認識的世界

re-cogn-ize          v.認出      [re做again解]

re-cogn-izable     a.能認出的

re-cogn-ition         n.認識

**gnos、gnor系列

agnostic     adj.不可知論的(指對於上帝的存在是人不能知道的)

diagnose       v.診斷

prognosis      n.預知

ignore       v.忽視

ignorant   adj.無知的 [knowing little or nothing]

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ignoble /ɪɡˋnobl/

i n (g)-noble  [in轉成ig去接，因為inn~的發音很討厭]

adj.卑鄙的;不光彩的 [Not noble in quality, character, or purpose; base or mean.]

ex. To betray a friend is ignoble.

ps. Ig Nobel Prize =搞笑諾貝爾獎

其宗旨為「Every Ig Nobel Prize winner has done something that first makes people LAUGH, then makes them THINK.」

ignominy / ˋɪɡnəˏmɪnɪ/

in-nomin(name)-y

n.恥辱 [Great personal dishonor or humiliation; shame.]

ex. she endured the ignominy of his abandoning her. (像是被出軌了..)

ex. suffered the ignominy of being sent to prison.

ignominious / ˋɪɡnəˏmɪnɪ əs /

in-nomin-i-ous

adj.可恥的

ex. the man who from vast dreams of literary fame descends to ignominious hackwork.
從天才夢墮落為僱傭文人

ex. an ignominious treaty
屈辱性條約

ˋɪdɪəm